Monday, July 28, 2008

Charles Tilly, Mexico y el Mundo


Here is an article on the relevance of the work of Charles Tilly for Mexico and the world in English and Spanish versions.





Distinguished Social Scientist Charles Tilly Passes Away

By Ernesto Castañeda-Tinoco

An expert on Latin America and on the world, Charles Tilly studied the past in order to give us tools and theories to understand the present and the future. After a long and prolific career marked by the writing of more than fifty books and around seven hundred academic articles, Charles Tilly died from lymphoma on April 29, 2008. Tilly was brave in his long battle against different types of cancer: despite submitting himself to intense chemotherapy treatments, including experimental treatments, he persevered, smiling, teaching and writing until weeks before his death. During his long and productive life, he was always a source of human and intellectual light, an example to follow, an exceptional man from whose life and work we have much to learn.

Charles Tilly was born on May 20, 1929 in a small city in Illinois, into a working class family, son of an immigrant mother. With the help of various jobs, scholarships and government assistance, he studied in the Department of Social Relations (a mix of various branches of sociology and social psychology) at Harvard. There he received his undergraduate degree in 1950, and his masters and PhD in 1958. In a department and field dominated at the time by sociologist Talcott Parsons (1902-1979), he preferred to study with the also distinguished sociologists George C. Homans (1910-1989) and Pitirim A. Sorokin (1889-1968). Sorokin, a Russian immigrant, who witnessed firsthand the revolution in 1917, had a great influence on Tilly encouraging him in his interest in combining sociology and history into the systematic study of revolutions and social change. Tilly was also largely influenced by Barrington Moore (1913-2005), a political sociologist and master of the historical-comparative method from the same generation. Charles Tilly was one of the key figures in the establishment and institutionalization of the subfields of historical sociology, collective action, social movements, and contentious politics within contemporary social science.

Tilly was professor in the universities of Delaware, Princeton, Harvard, Toronto, Michigan, the New School for Social Research and Columbia, the two last ones in New York City. He was also a visiting professor in France at the Sorbonne, the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales) and the Paris Institute of Political Studies (the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris), as well as in Norway and the Netherlands. He received various honorary doctorate degrees and distinguished academic awards. Within the last few years, some standouts include the Hirschman Prize in 2008 from the Social Science Research Council (SSRC) and the Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award from the American Sociological Association (ASA) in 2005. He was a member of the most prestigious scientific societies in the United States and Europe. Tilly read English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Russian, and some Chinese.

Charles Tilly, sociologist, incorporated history and politics into his work, and had a large influence in currents inside contemporary history and political science. Tilly began his career writing a thesis on the counterrevolution in France. He was an impromptu historian, a coincidence that brought him to create catalogs of contentious events in order to carry out quantitative analytic studies with strong historical and contextual information, information which lends itself to the comparison, across time and space, between phenomena such as revolutions, social movements, strikes, protests, revolts or civil wars (see his Contentious Performances 2008). After many years of maturation, Tilly and his research colleagues created what the research field called Contentious Politics, a new school that has influenced sociology, history, and political science. Many interesting works have recently emanated from this school of thought.

Before working in Contentious Politics together with his colleagues Sidney Tarrow, Doug McAdam, and many others, Tilly contributed the concept of “state-making” (or the theory of the birth of the modern state), showing how the historical formation of nation-states in western Europe was strongly linked to war and the accumulation of capital to finance them. European monarchies fought among each other for control of their colonies and global trade routes. The urgency to finance these wars created in the governments of France and England the need to develop systems to unify militias, govern territories, generate wealth, collect taxes and administrate their estates. From the tools that these governments used, today we have censuses, passports, customs, and accounting systems. These processes resulted in the creation (to a certain point accidental) of strong nation-states, with independent economies, and true governance over a certain territory. The theory of state formation reminds us that nation-states did not arise as a product of a linear evolution but from a particular historical and international context. Looking at the present, Charles Tilly wrote on the illusory nature of expecting the same types of state-society relations in countries more recently formed who copied the western European model and expected to recreate institutions top-down from one day to another by decree. Imitating laws and establishing top-down reforms would rarely mean a bottom up reconfiguration. Local knowledge, customs and traditions have to be taken into account to govern (for more on this look at James C. Scott. 1998. Seeing like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale University Press).

Given the history of state formation in Western Europe, Tilly compares state formation with the criminal activity of the mafia who engage in protection rackets through which they are paid to offer protection from a threat of violence that they themselves create (see Diego Gambetta. 1996. The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection. Harvard University Press). Tilly shows how, historically, the art of governing consists of large scale coordination among local leaders, militias, powerful economic classes, and even organized crime. Using this insight one would have been able to predict the terrible consequences (i.e. the steep increase in violence and destabilization) that an open war on drugs by the Mexican military commanded by President Felipe Calderon Hinojosa would create.

Tilly reminds us that democracy represents one of many possible political regimes, reflecting a system of social, political and economic relationships and above all, a certain institutionalization of trust networks. In contrast with the literature which perceives democracy as goal unto itself with a social, linear evolution, in his book Democracy (2007), Tilly shows how democracy is a reversible process and introduces a new concept into the literature: de-democratization. Explaining how even mature liberal democracies can experience drawbacks and closing in civil rights, civil liberties, or in the treatment of immigrants.

Just four days after September 11, 2001, in a reflection that could only be Tilly’s, he predicted the political errors and terrible consequences to come of the international politics of George W. Bush. Tilly intuited how the events of those days had been derived from a decentralized network, with members who did not know each other personally but who shared a political ideology and were trying to make a political statement through non-conventional violent means. Tilly knew immediately that a discursive barrier would be constructed between the two large groups, the self-nominated “us” versus “them.” A resulting armed attack against a certain region blamed for the attacks would change the power relations within these given groups, amplifying the discontent amongst “them.” This would then intensify their attacks, therefore aggravating the situation, leading to an escalation and thus further justifying the confrontation between these two groups. This division would call for the creation of new international alliances, which would obligate the excluded ones to unite within themselves, and paradoxically make room for the creation of new routes and opportunities for drug trafficking and international organized crime. The result of a war declared against an enemy who is invisible, and at the same time categorical, would end up giving more power and outside support to dissident groups inside countries such as Algeria, Turkey, Nigeria, Sudan and Russia. As a result, the level of democracy would fall, as much as in these countries as in the West, product of a major militarization of the forces of security and the reduction in civil liberties and human rights for both citizens and foreigners. Regrettably, such predictions have become part of our current reality.

In his last books, Charles Tilly illuminated for us some of our contemporary daily behaviors. For example, why we see the need to give reasons and tell stories in our social life (Why 2006); why we assign blame and give credit to people around us (Credit and Blame 2008), and how researchers can reconcile the study of culture and the post-modern challenge with a research agenda that generates high quality and useful scientific social knowledge (The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Analysis 2008).

Professor Tilly was also a scholar of migration: he was one of the first social scientists to write on the important role that social networks play in chain migration, which resulted in the accumulation, within the same locality, of migrants in a distant labor market (Tilly, Charles and C. Harold Brown. 1967. "On Uprooting, Kinship and the Auspices of Migration." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 8:139-164). For Tilly, remittances are a way to fulfill family obligations, tangible proof of the importance of social relations despite distance (see Viviana A. Zelizer and Charles Tilly. 2007. "Relations and Categories" The Psychology of Learning and Motivation:47 pp. 225-255).

With his book Categorical Inequality (1998), Tilly demonstrated how inequality and exploitation reproduce themselves through the institutionalization of group behaviors and above all through assigning of professions to certain social categories; for example in post-colonial societies like Mexico: natives working in the fields, mestizos in the service sector, and whites working as managers; or in advanced economies like the US: women in sales, men in production, immigrants as janitors and local male citizens as bankers. The inequality between groups reproduces itself for generations once these roles and different levels of life become invisible and seem natural, spontaneous, or merited.

Despite his fame and intelligence, Charles Tilly, or Chuck as he liked everyone to call him, was above all transparent, accessible, without pretensions; he was a true cosmopolitan, democratic and egalitarian in action. He was helpful and patient with his colleagues and students (me among them). He spent a lot of time helping us develop our ideas, reading all types of drafts and giving valuable suggestions to improve the scientific content of our texts. Because of this, through his death, the hundreds of students and colleagues whom he helped throughout the last five decades remember his great human quality and intellectual generosity. His books and lessons stay with us to guide us in the difficult task of understanding society and the many relationships and mechanisms within it and that sometimes hide in front of our eyes.

Ernesto Castañeda Tinoco is a doctoral student in sociology at Columbia University. He was a student and teaching assistant of Professor Tilly.

Versions of this article will appear in Spanish in the magazine Cátedra, published by the University of Colima, Mexico 2008. And in English in the newsletter of the Institute of Latin American Studies. School of International Affairs. Columbia University.

A conference in Honor of Professor Tilly was held at Columbia on October 3rd – 5th. For more information visit: http://www.ssrc.org/hirschman/event/2008



Fallece Charles Tilly, distinguido científico social (1929-2008)

Ernesto Castañeda Tinoco


Gran conocedor de México y el mundo, Charles Tilly estudiaba el pasado para hacernos comprender el presente e intuir posibles caminos hacia el futuro. Tras una larga y prolífica carrera marcada por la escritura de más de 50 libros y alrededor de 700 artículos académicos, Charles Tilly murió de linfoma el 29 de abril del 2008. Tilly se mostró valiente en su lucha contra diferentes tipos de cáncer: a pesar de que se sometió a fuertes sesiones de quimioterapia, incluidos nuevos tratamientos experimentales, siguió sonriendo, enseñando y escribiendo hasta semanas antes de su muerte. Durante su larga y fructífera vida fue siempre una fuente de luz humana e intelectual; un ejemplo a seguir y un hombre excepcional de cuya vida y obra todavía tenemos mucho que aprender.

Charles Tilly nació el 20 de mayo de 1929 en una pequeña ciudad de Illinois, Estados Unidos en el seno de una familia de la clase trabajadora, hijo de una madre inmigrante. Con la ayuda de diversos trabajos, becas y apoyos del gobierno, estudió en el departamento de “relaciones sociales” (unión de varias ramas de sociología y psicología social) de Harvard. Allí obtuvo su licenciatura en 1950, maestría y doctorado en 1958. En un departamento dominado por el sociólogo Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) él prefirió estudiar con los distinguidos George C. Homans (1910-1989) y Pitirim A. Sorokin (1889-1968). Este último, inmigrante ruso testigo de la revolución de 1917, influyó en Tilly, contagiándolo de interés por combinar sociología e historia en el estudio sistemático de las revoluciones y los grandes cambios sociales. Fue también influido por Barrington Moore (1913-2005), sociólogo político y maestro del método histórico-comparativo de esa misma generación. Charles Tilly fue una de las piezas claves en la fundación de la sociología histórica, el estudio de la acción colectiva y los movimientos sociales.

Tilly fue profesor en las Universidades de Delaware, Princeton, Harvard, Toronto, Michigan, la New School for Social Research, y Columbia, las dos últimas en la ciudad de Nueva York. También fue profesor visitante en Francia en la Sorbonne, la Escuela de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Sociales (EHSS) y el Instituto de Estudios Políticos de Paris (Sciences-Po), así como en Noruega y Holanda. Recibió varios doctorados honoris causa y distinguidos premios en la academia. Entre estos últimos destacan el premio Hirschman 2008 del Consejo de Investigación en Ciencia Social (SSRC) y el premio de la Asociación Americana de Sociología (ASA) en 2005 por su distinguida carrera y contribuciones a la disciplina. Fue miembro de las más prestigiosas sociedades científicas de Estados Unidos y Europa. Tilly leía en ingles, francés, español, italiano, alemán, ruso y algo de chino.

Charles Tilly, sociólogo, incorporaba en su trabajo la historia y lo político, en un sentido amplio. Su obra tuvo una gran influencia en corrientes dentro de la historia y de la ciencia política de vanguardia. Tilly empezó su carrera escribiendo una tesis sobre la contrarrevolución en Francia. Fue así que comenzó como historiador espontáneo, coincidencia que lo llevó a crear catálogos de eventos contenciosos para realizar estudios analíticos cuantitativos con una fuerte información histórica y contextual. Información que se prestaba a la comparación entre casos a través del tiempo y del espacio de fenómenos tales como revoluciones, movimientos sociales, huelgas, protestas, revueltas o guerras civiles. Después de muchos años de maduración, Tilly y sus colegas investigadores crearon lo que se ha llamado estudios de Política Contenciosa (Contentious Politics), una nueva escuela que ha influido en la sociología y ciencia política contemporánea. De dicha escuela han emanado interesantes trabajos recientes en el mundo anglosajón, que esperamos sean traducidos pronto al castellano.

Antes de trabajar en política contenciosa junto con Sidney Tarrow, Doug McAdam y muchos otros, Tilly contribuyó el concepto de "state-making" o la teoría del nacimiento del Estado, mostrando cómo la formación de los Estados-nación en Europa estaba fuertemente ligada a la guerra y la acumulación de capitales para financiarla. Las monarquías europeas peleaban entre ellas sobre el control de sus colonias y las rutas comerciales globales. La urgencia de financiar estas guerras creó en los gobiernos precursores a los Estados, como Francia o Inglaterra, la necesidad de desarrollar sistemas para unificar milicias, gobernar territorios, generar riqueza, recolectar impuestos y administrarlos. Entre las herramientas que utilizaron estos gobiernos tenemos censos, pasaportes, aduanas, sistemas de contabilidad. Esta serie de procesos dio como resultado la creación (hasta cierto punto accidental) de fuertes Estados-nación, con una economía independiente y una verdadera gobernabilidad sobre cierto territorio. El concepto de formación del Estado nos recuerda que la formación de un Estado-nación no resulta de una evolución natural o linear , s ino de una historia particular dentro de un largo contexto histórico internacional. Mirando el presente, Charles Tilly escribió sobre lo ilusorio que resultaba esperar los mismos tipos de relación entre Estado y sociedad en países creados posteriormente, copiando el modelo del oeste europeo. Los debates contemporáneos sobre la reforma fiscal en México nos recuerdan este tema.

Bajo esa misma lógica, Charles Tilly comparó la formación de Estados con la actividad criminal de mafias que cobran por ofrecer protección. Igualmente demostró cómo, históricamente, el arte de gobernar consistía en una coordinación entre líderes locales, milicias, clases económicas poderosas e incluso el crimen organizado. Por eso Tilly logró predecir las terribles consecuencias, la violencia creciente y la desestabilización que crearía la guerra contra el narcotráfico lanzada por Felipe Calderón.

Tilly nos recuerda que la democracia representa uno de tantos regímenes políticos posibles, reflejando una serie de relaciones sociales, políticas y económicas, y sobre todo, una cierta institucionalización de redes sociales de confianza (trust networks). En contraste con la literatura que percibe la democracia como una meta en sí misma, producto de una evolución social lineal, en su libro Democracy (2007) él nos muestra cómo la democracia es un proceso reversible e introduce en la literatura especializada un nuevo concepto: la desdemocratización.

Justo cuatro días después del 11 de septiembre de 2001, en una reflexión muy suya, Tilly predijo las erróneas políticas y las terribles consecuencias de las políticas internacionales de George W. Bush. Tilly intuía cómo los eventos de esos días se habían derivado de una red descentralizada, con miembros que no se conocían entre si directamente, emitiendo un enunciado político. Tilly sabía que inmediatamente se construiría una barrera discursiva entre dos grandes grupos que se autodenominarían “Nosotros” y “Ellos.” Un ataque armado a cierta región designada como culpable no haría sino cambiar las relaciones de poder dentro de dicho grupo, amplificar el descontento y los ataques por parte de algunos de “Ellos” y por ende agravar la situación, “justificando” una escalada en la confrontación entre ambos bandos. Esa división llamaría a la creación de nuevas alianzas internacionales, que obligarían a los excluidos a unirse entre sí, creando nuevas rutas y oportunidades para el tráfico y el crimen organizado internacional. El resultado de una guerra declarada contra un enemigo invisible a la vez que categórico, terminaría otorgando más poder y apoyo exterior a grupos disidentes dentro de países cómo Argelia, Turquía, Nigeria, Sudan o Rusia. Como resultado, tanto en esos países como en el Occidente, el nivel de democracia descendería, producto de una mayor militarización de las fuerzas de seguridad y la reducción de libertades civiles y derechos humanos de ciudadanos y sobre todo de extranjeros. Lamentablemente dichas predicciones se han vuelto parte de nuestra realidad actual.

En sus últimos libros Charles Tilly nos aclaró ciertos de nuestros comportamientos mas cotidianos. Por ejemplo, por qué nos vemos en la necesidad de dar razones y contar historias en nuestra vida social (Why 2006); por qué atribuimos culpa y damos crédito a las personas que nos rodean (Credit and Blame 2008) o, incluso, cómo los académicos podemos reconciliar el estudio de la cultura y el reto post-moderno con una agenda de investigación social que genera conocimiento científico de calidad y utilidad (The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Analysis 2008).

El profesor Tilly fue también un estudioso de la migración: él fue uno de los primeros científicos sociales en escribir sobre el importante papel que desempeñan las redes sociales en la migración en cadena, que resulta en la acumulación, dentro de una misma localidad, de paisanos en un mercado laboral lejano. Para Tilly las remesas confirman los compromisos familiares; prueba tangible de la importancia de las relaciones sociales a pesar de la distancia (ver su trabajo al respecto con Viviana Zelizer).

Con su libro sobre Desigualdad Categórica (1998) Tilly demostró cómo la inequidad y la explotación se reproducen a través de la institucionalización de comportamientos entre grupos y sobre todo por medio de la asignación de roles laborales en ciertas categorías sociales. Por ejemplo, indígenas trabajando en el campo, mestizos en el sector de servicios, blancos fungiendo como jefes de empresa, mujeres laborando en ventas, hombres en la producción, inmigrantes como barrenderos y ciudadanos locales como banqueros. La desigualdad entre grupos se reproduce por generaciones una vez que estos roles y diferentes niveles de vida se vuelven invisibles y parecen naturales, espontáneos o merecidos.

A pesar de su fama e inteligencia, Charles Tilly, o Chuck, como le gustaba que todo mundo lo llamara, era sumamente sencillo, accesible, sin pretensiones; él era un verdadero cosmopolita, demócrata e igualitarista en acción. Era paciente con sus estudiantes y colegas. Pasaba mucho tiempo ayudándonos a desarrollar nuestras ideas, leyendo todo tipo de borradores y dando valiosas sugerencias para mejorar el contenido científico de nuestros textos. Por ello, tras su muerte los cientos de estudiantes y colegas a los que ayudó a través de las últimas cinco décadas –yo entre ellos–, recuerdan su gran calidad humana y generosidad intelectual. Sus libros y lecciones permanecen con nosotros para guiarnos en la difícil tarea de entender la sociedad y las múltiples relaciones y mecanismos que ésta encierra y que a veces se ocultan ante nuestros ojos.

Este texto pronto aparecerá en la revista académica Cátedra publicada por la Universidad de Colima, México.

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Ernesto Castañeda Tinoco es estudiante de doctorado en sociología, por la Universidad de Columbia, en Nueva York. El autor fue estudiante y colaborador de cátedra e investigación del Professor Tilly.

Thursday, May 29, 2008

Charles Tilly (1929 – 2008)


Little over a month of missing Chuck but he stays with us in our heart and mind.

In May 2008 the Press of Sciences-Po published the French translation of "Contentious Politics" as "La Politique de Conflit."

I wrote a note for his tribute page at the Social Science Research Council (SSRC)
"The Pedagogic Performances of Charles Tilly."

Here a copy from the posting at the SSRC website:

"The Pedagogic Performances of Charles Tilly"

As many have attested, Chuck Tilly was an extraordinary scholar and an exemplary human being. Let me briefly discuss his working style and pedagogy. Chuck was an extremely prolific writer; as colleagues often mentioned, he wrote faster than we could read (and as I will explain, he also read many times faster than we do). It has been hard to keep up with his writings and easy to misrepresent his work given the size of his oeuvre, which I would claim one needs to consider as a whole and not as single, independent pieces. I remember Chuck being disappointed when people equated him to any one of his books.

Instead of waiting until a text reached “perfection”, that unattainable goal, or thinking that he had the ultimate word on a subject, Chuck was willing to publish fast in order to be proven wrong (or only partially right), and thus rendered perfectible. Indeed, why wait for someone else to fix his models? He often came back and improved his previous ideas. This is exemplified by the story he loved to tell about how his first book was a refutation of his dissertation.

How can we explain his fecundity? Besides the long hours, his efficiency, his lucid mind, his love of writing, and the shadow of death, the reason for his productivity was the way he saw scientific endeavor. By the way and pace in which he published, it seems to me that Chuck intuited that by its very nature all scientific knowledge is temporary, and by this I do not mean that he was a postmodern writer or that the quality of his work is mediocre. To the contrary, he took his academic profession so seriously that he was never content with publishing and moving onto another issue. He saw the building of knowledge as a cumulative and collective process. Thus he constantly revisited, corrected, expanded and clarified his own work and that of his colleagues and students.

One reason he read so much, produced such great bibliographical compendiums, and gave comments back to students normally within 24 to 48 hours, was because he was a real “speed reader.” There are speed reading courses and methods, but academics tend to dismiss them in order to savor every word. Besides reading many words per minute, he also was in favor of skimming. As part of a required course on social science methodology that many of us took at Columbia University, Chuck started with a statement on how to read a book: Start by scanning it. Look at the table of contents. Read the introduction and the conclusion. Read the passages of interest. That should suffice, move onto the next book, and come back to it when work or students make the content pertinent.

How did he have the time to read and write so much while giving ample time to students and colleagues? A small seminar was organized by the History Department at Columbia in 2007 precisely to ask him about how he worked. Chuck said that the only way he could be so productive was by putting in the hours, working literally from dawn until dusk, including the weekends. Chuck mentioned how the legacy of his work meant that he went the last number of years without seeing a play, going to the movies, or spending daily time with his family. Because of the immediacy of cancer, his great knowledge and his ambition, in the last years Chuck became a master of delayed gratification; he forwent things such as going to the movies or to a classical music concert in order to do what he loved the most: read, write, mentor and be a professional academic participating in panels. Yet his frequent smile showed how he enjoyed his academic life and the small pleasures of life. He was known for working with classical music or jazz blasting from his office stereo. His social group was constituted by his academic extended family with which he would socialize in departmental functions, maybe his main socializing event in the last years became the dinners he would have with students and colleagues on Monday evenings after his Columbia Contentious Politics workshop. In these weekly dinners he would display his mastery in story telling and where he would reveal details about his private life and biography.

Teaching

Sometimes some students would complain that his graduate seminars were not very “rigorous”, “hard”, or “useful.” This misunderstanding came about because, to our chagrin, Chuck was very reluctant to lecture graduate students, post-docs, or visiting scholars for more than 20 to 30 minutes at a time. In a required seminar on Research Methods at Columbia, he would talk for 20 minutes with expertise and authority while using simple language, telling stories to explain long debates and important issues, rather than citing every other scholar having worked on the subject or using obscure references. Then the course would turn to the students, who, given each one’s ability, would then deliver the bulk of the lecture and book discussion, learning by doing to become scholars.

His optional graduate courses at Columbia (of which I took two) were always in the form of writing workshops. Students would present their work, and others would criticize it, following the model of his contentious politics seminar, thus functioning as a professional workshop for work in progress with short presentations throughout the semester by the budding scholars. As expected, the papers would start off at a level that needed improvement but Chuck would never judge someone’s potential by the contents of a first draft. And after some years, many of these papers turned out to be important pieces for the students who incorporated the comments from Chuck and the seminar participants in subsequent versions.

Even while there would be distinguished, retired lawyers, doctors, publishers, fans, translators, and visiting scholars from across the world who would audit and attend his seminars and classes, he was too democratic and self-critical to jump into the bully pulpit and deliver “the sacred word” in the French academic style of the likes of Foucault, whose lectures at the College de France would be recorded and later turned into books. Chuck Tilly preferred to interact with students and help them with their projects, and to then write the books himself, as books proper, and not as lecture notes.

Still there was anguish and disappointment for those looking for a guru or a more authoritarian patron saint, or even a colleague to hate. In many ways his large and revolutionary oeuvre did not match his simple and humble ways, which consciously betrayed his working class upbringing and his democratic and cosmopolitan convictions. While he set many research agendas and collaborative networks, he would never start a graduate seminar by discussing his work directly, and he would avoid it when possible. So while he mentored and convinced many of us of the importance of contentious politics, and the relational approach, he did not give us strict instructions on what or how to write. Chuck refused to be studied as a seminal author in life. Some colleagues and I would often implore Chuck to give a course on Tilly, the author. He would categorically refuse by saying “I will never teach a course on Tilly” referring to such a graduate course, although he later knew that Mauricio Font was offering such a course at CUNY’s Graduate Center in 2007.

Fortunately, I had the great chance to co-teach an undergraduate course on Tilly with Tilly. This was the last undergraduate class he ever taught. It was the undergraduate course on “Revolutions, Social Movements, and Contentious Politics” following the publication of his “Contentious Politics” textbook co-authored with Sidney Tarrow. This textbook culminated a long search of many years to produce a method and a research agenda that could be taught, understood, and applied for the good use and enjoyment of students of any age. A group of very brilliant Columbia undergraduates were able to reproduce and apply the CP method to very interesting projects in one semester’s time. Students looked at contentious issues in cases going across space and time from Oaxaca to Sri Lanka, from England to Israel and covering vast periods such as Imperial Japan or current protest events amongst peasants in China.

As I witnessed his work while being his research and later teaching assistant, I noted how he was always open to learn not only about new topics and countries but also about new techniques. Before we started this course, he asked me what I thought of incorporating Power Point into the course. I said I liked the idea and Chuck was fast in learning how to incorporate this technology into our lectures. But why did such a famous Professor have to bother to pick up a new technology in what would become his last undergraduate course? The reason was that he was always eager to learn more and humble enough to let others teach him while doing. He would review the slides I wrote about his work and provide helpful comments, replying to my e-mails almost immediately. Illness made him miss a number of lectures but he would often call me from the hospital to check on the class, and update me on his medical condition. A number of times, even when he was present in the class, he would let me lecture on his work, clarifying or expanding when necessary. This was not a sign of lack of energy or lucidity but another example of his democratic and egalitarian demeanor.

Chuck Tilly aimed to publish books and articles that changed the way we see history and do social science. He opposed methodological individualism and studies that locate responsibility in individual isolated consciousness; along with Harrison White and Pierre Bourdieu, he pushed for a relational understanding. In particular, Chuck was interested in social interactions, including contentious ones, and the social networks they formed. When providing new concepts and mechanisms, he always kept the historical context in mind, going beyond parochialisms or universal laws. He connected his love for history with that of social movements, which under the banner of Contentious Politics compares the common mechanisms in civil wars, riots, revolutions, international wars, terrorism, protests, and many other events. Since the theoretical changes he proposed are so ambitious and revolutionizing, publishing his new research manifesto in the form of a textbook will probably end up to be effective, but this is yet to be seen since, as he taught us, adoption and diffusion are contingent and always take time.

Ernesto Castañeda-Tinoco
Columbia University

Thanks to Craig Calhoun for inviting me to write this text and to Andreas Koller for putting up the SSRC tributes and resources page: http://www.ssrc.org/essays/tilly/


Tuesday, May 27, 2008

US Border "Control"

US Border and Immigration (des)control

"Let's face it, part of the issue of the border is it is kind of a balloon. When you squeeze one part, another bulges," said Thomas Frost, assistant inspector general with the Homeland Security Department, commenting on the investigations of corruption by Border Patrol agents who collaborate with people smugglers (Archibold, Randal and Andrew Becker. "Border Agents, Lured by the Other Side" The New York Times. May 27, 2008).

Inland things are not going much better:

“To my knowledge, the magnitude of these indictments is completely unprecedented. It’s the reliance on criminal process here as part of an immigration enforcement action that takes this out of the ordinary, a startling intensification of the criminalization of immigration law,” said Juliet Stumpf, an immigration law professor at Lewis & Clark Law School in Portland, Oregon, formerly a senior civil rights lawyer at the Justice Department, commenting on the sentencing of 260 undocumented workers at meat-packing plant in Iowa (Preston, Julia. "270 Illegal Immigrants Sent to Prison in Federal Push." The New York Times. May 24, 2008).

Sunday, May 4, 2008

Contentious Madrid / Goya and 2 de Mayo 1808-2008

Madrid 2 de Mayo 1808-2008


Just one day after May First 2008, the 40th celebration of the 1 May 1968 in Paris, and the subsequent events in Mexico, Berkeley, Columbia, etc., and a couple of days before the 5 de Mayo festivity when Mexicans celebrate the defeat of the French army of Napoleon III invading Mexico to install Emperor Maximilian of Hapsburg in 1862; On May 2nd of 2008, the Madrileños celebrated the 200 year anniversary of the uprising against the occupying French forces of Napoleon I.

In order to celebrate this event which started what is called the Spanish War of Independence and a consolidation of Spain as a nation, the government of Madrid headed by the Mayor of Madrid Alberto Ruiz Gallardón organized a series of public events that were to represent six of the works by the famous Spanish painter Francisco de Goya.

The fights and representations included a representation at the Plaza Mayor of “carga de los mamelucos” a confrontation between Spanish rebels and Egyptian fighters under Napoleon’s orders.

Goya (1814) "La Carga de los Mamelucos"



















(RESTORED VERSION EL PRADO 2008)

A symbolic re-enactment at the Plaza Mayor de Madrid. May 2nd 2008. With horses like those rid by the French and Mamluk armies and with a North African band "representing" the modern day Mamluks, or modern day Arab enemies (something not that faraway from how some Spanish newspapers and politicians depict immigrant from this area today).





The Killings of May 3rd 2008





The impressive closing act was provided by the catalá group La Fura dels Baus, in a show created by Pere Pinyol, Carles Padrissa and the La Fura dels Baus. Interesting political propositions were presented by this group including repeated rhetoric claims by actors representing local Spanish against the contemporary claims of “a supposed French refinement, advance, and civilization against a Spain backwardness and ignorance” instead of a recognition of a large Spanish misery contrasted to Napoleon’s filthy richness and pomp, what the actors attacked continuously as “esa soberbia Francesa.”

A good metaphorical example of rebellion against symbolic violence, or the ultimate domination through language, is represented by the Fura in this funny rap act “No se dice REY se dice RUA [ROI].”




The Killings of May 3rd 2008

Goya (1814) "Los Fusilamientos de la montaña del Príncipe Pío."


















(RESTORED VERSION EL PRADO 2008)

After the risings of May 2nd, 1808 French Mariscal Joaquim Murat takes control of Madrid and orders the death of all those presumed to have acted in the rebellion. Goya paints this painful event at the end of the war. And the following videos are a 21st century representation/commemoration of these bloody events.


Video 1: The Capture of the rebels/patriots/terrorists



Video 2: Prisoner rebels marching to face their destiny at the hands of their French executioners.



Video 3: Shot!




Video 4: The Dead, to become independence fighters and war heroes after France's withdrawal in 1814.


The horrors of war (series by Goya as represented by la Fura dels Baus.



End of war. The promise of the Cadiz Constitucion (represented bellow as a woman given birth to modern Spain!) This enlightened Constitution that gave rights to foreigners in Spain and their possibility to become citizens, and gave the colonies more independence, unfortunately the returning Spanish king Fernando VII ended up dismissing the liberal constitution and reestablished the Monarchy with sovereignty residing in his person; at the end this only accelerated the determination from the independence movements in Latin America to cut ties with Madrid.





Thank you Madrid and Fura dels Baus the show was incredible I wished I could publish more of the videos that include a performance of the Marseillaise sang in Madrid, Fernando VII in the tightrope, an operatic duo performance, peace doves, and many more delights. You had to be there to see this interactive representation that made you feel as if you were part of the rebellion on the Second of May!


Text, photos and videos (under fair use and explicit permission by the producers) by Ernesto Castaneda-Tinoco.


Wednesday, April 30, 2008

Charles Tilly Obituary

Charles Tilly Obituary

New York City April 30th, 2008

The Columbia University community mourns the loss of one of its beloved members, Charles Tilly, the Joseph L. Buttenwieser Professor of Social Science, who passed away on April 29 after a long battle with cancer. He was 78.

Tilly, who had a joint appointment with the University’s Departments of Sociology and Political Science, is widely considered the leading scholar of his generation on contentious politics and its relationship with military, economic, urban and demographic social change.

President of the Social Sciences Research Council Craig Calhoun called Tilly “one of the most distinguished of all contemporary social scientists,“ adding: “He is the most influential analyst of social movements and contentious politics, a path-breaker in the historical sociology of the state, a pivotal theorist of social inequality.”

“His intellectual range and level of productivity are virtually unrivaled in the social sciences,” said Columbia sociology Professor and Chair Thomas DiPrete. Adam Ashforth, professor of anthropology and political science at Northwestern University, described Tilly as “the founding father of twenty-first century sociology.”

During the course of his 50-year career, Tilly’s academic expertise covered urbanization, industrialization, collective action and state-making, and his most recent work explored social relations, identity and culture. His primary interest concerned Europe from 1500 to the present, but his work extended to North America and other parts of the world as well.

Tilly is well known for his generosity to students. Many recall thanking Tilly for his mentorship, only to receive the response: “Don’t thank me, just do the same for your students.”

One important training ground he offered to students was a succession of informal seminars, colaunched with his former wife Louise in their living room 40 years ago when he was a younger professor at the University of Michigan. Once titled the “Think, Then Drink” workshop, the name changed to the “Workshop on Contentious Politics” and was held regularly at Columbia for more than a decade. Many students continued to participate well past graduation and into their own professorship tenures.

“Much as his own scholarship transcended traditional disciplinary boundaries, these vibrant discussions brought a diverse array of professors and students together in an ongoing conversation that represented the best of historical social science,” said former student and close friend Wayne Te Brake, now a professor of history at Purchase College. Participants enjoyed Tilly’s “egalitarian rules for presentation, critique and intervention,” he added.

Tilly was born May 27, 1929, in Lombard, Ill., and studied at Harvard University, earning the bachelor's degree magna cum laude in 1950 and the Ph.D. in sociology in 1958. He also studied at Balliol College, Oxford, and the Catholic University of Angers, France, and served in the U.S. Navy during the Korean War. Before arriving at Columbia in 1996, Tilly taught at the University of Delaware, Harvard, the University of Toronto, the University of Michigan and The New School for
Social Research. In addition, he held several short-term research and teaching appointments at universities throughout Europe and North America during the course of his career.

Tilly was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the Sociological Research Association and the Ordre des Palmes Académiques. In addition to his theoretical and substantive interests, Tilly wrote extensively on the subject of research methodology. His writings touched on epistemology, the nature of causality, process analysis, the use of narrative as a method for historical explanation, mechanism-based explanations, contextual analysis, political ethnography, and quantitative methods in historical analysis, among many topics.

During his lifetime Tilly received several prominent awards, including: the Common Wealth Award in sociology (1982); the Amalfi Prize for Sociology and Social Sciences (1994); the Eastern Sociological Society’s Merit Award for Distinguished Scholarship (1996); the American Sociological Association’s Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award (2005); the International Political Science Association’s Karl Deutsch Award in Comparative Politics (2006); the Phi Beta Kappa Sidney Hook Memorial Award (2006); and the Social Science Research Council’s Albert O. Hirschman Award (2008).

In addition, he was awarded honorary doctorates in social sciences from Erasmus University, Rotterdam (1983); the Institut d'Etudes Politiques, University of Paris (1993); the University of Toronto (1995); the University of Strasbourg (1996); the University of Geneva (1999); the University of Crete (2002); the University of Québec at Montréal (2004); and the University of Michigan (2007).

In 2001, Columbia’s sociology graduate students named Tilly the Professor of the Year.

He authored, co-authored, edited or co-edited 51 published books and monographs and over 600 scholarly articles. His major works include “The Vendée: A Sociological Analysis of the Counter-Revolution of 1793” (1964); “As Sociology Meets History” (1981); “Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons” (1984); “The Contentious French” (1983); “European Revolutions 1492-1992” (1993); “Cities and the Rise of States in Europe: A.D. 1000 to 1800” (1994); “Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834” (1995); “Durable Inequality” (1998); “Transforming Post-
Communist Political Economies” (1998); “Dynamics of Contention” (2001); “Social Movements 1768-2004” (2004); “Trust and Rule” (2005); “Why?” (2006); and “Democracy” (2007).

“Professor Tilly will be remembered as an extraordinarily generous and innovative scholar and teacher by a vast network of colleagues, students and friends around the country and across the globe,” said Te Brake.

Tilly is survived by his former wife (and sometimes collaborator), Louise; his brothers, Richard and Stephen, and sister Carolyn; his children, Chris, Kit, Laura and Sarah; their spouses Marie, Steve, Derek, and David; his grandchildren, Amanda, Charlotte, Chris, Abby, Ben, Jon and Becky; and his great-grandchildren, Jamie and Julian.

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President Bollinger's Statement on the Passing of Professor Charles Tilly

Columbia lost one of its finest citizens when Professor Charles Tilly passed away April 29. Most recently the Joseph L. Buttenwieser Professor of Social Science, serving the departments of Political Science and Sociology, he was a scholar of boundless energy and intellect. Few could, or will ever, match his scholarly output and lasting impact. His 50 years of teaching, writing and intellectual inspiration will be missed here at Columbia and everywhere people seek to understand how history and societies move forward.

The extraordinary half-century career of Charles Tilly continuously demonstrated scholarship that transcended disciplinary boundaries. It seemed that he could write, interpret, and explain virtually anything to curious minds. With more than 600 articles and 51 books and monographs bearing his name, Charles Tilly literally wrote the book on the contentious dynamics and the ethnographic foundations of political history.

Though he received an extraordinary number of special awards, scholarly inductions and honorary degrees during his long and productive career, we will remember that, since 1996, he was a distinguished member of the Columbia community. His students, fellow faculty members and friends will all remember someone not only who reached and remained at the pinnacle of his field but also a warm and valued colleague who never stopped asking profound questions.

Lee C. Bollinger
President
Columbia University in the City of New York

Find here the New York Times Obituary on Charles Tilly.

And the Columbia Spectator's published in the Columbia Spectator (http://www.columbiaspectator.com/node/30847)

Respected Professor, Renowned Sociologist Charles Tilly Dies at 78


Created 05/01/2008 - 3:11am

Charles Tilly, Columbia’s Joseph L. Buttenwieser Professor of Social Science and founder of the noted Workshop on Contentious Politics, died April 29 after a 20-year struggle with cancer that fluctuated in severity. He was 78.

A vigil was held in his memory Tuesday night in front of Fayerweather Hall, as an intimate group of about 10 candle-bearing students and colleagues gathered beneath his office window to share memories both humorous and heartrending.

Sun-Chul Kim, GSAS ’08, recalled working in Fayerweather each night until 4 or 5 in the morning—around the same time Tilly would come in for the day. Tilly said “good morning” each time Kim came in—“But he said one time, ‘Goodnight!’” Kim explained, laughing.

Other stories were more profound.

John Krinsky, GSAS '02, recalled one day about eight years ago when he looked around Tilly’s library-like office and asked why the professor owned and wrote so many books.“He said, ‘I’m just trying to collect as many pieces as I can before I die,’” Krinsky recalled.

At the time, Krinsky said, he laughed. “I said, ‘You’re one of those guys who’ll live to be 110. You’ll outlive me!’ He probably knew something I didn’t.”

Tilly was born in Illinois in 1929. He received his B.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard and taught sociology at Harvard, the University of Michigan, and elsewhere before coming to Columbia in 1996. He published 51 books and more than 600 articles, and his curriculum vitae spans 30 pages.

“It seemed that he could write, interpret, and explain virtually anything to curious minds,” University President Lee Bollinger wrote in a statement released Tuesday. Tilly “literally wrote the book on the contentious dynamics and the ethnographic foundations of political history,” Bollinger wrote.

During his 12 years at Columbia, Tilly advised 101 Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Ph.D. candidates—of whom Kim and Cecelia Walsh-Russo, GSAS ’08, were the last.

Walsh-Russo, who was also present at the vigil, said she had expected her March 6 dissertation defense to proceed without Tilly, who had been in the hospital.

“All of a sudden, there’s Chuck in the doorway,” she said. The panel offered to let Tilly ask his questions first, so he could leave early if he got tired. “But he didn’t get tired,” Walsh-Russo said.

Tilly was perhaps best known for his trademark Workshop on Contentious Politics, held regularly at Columbia and various other universities. Students and professionals from across the northeast and even the world attended to share their work.

“It became an institution. It’s what Charles Tilly started and everywhere he went he took it with him,” said Mona El-Ghobashy, GSAS ’06 and a professor of political science at Barnard. “Whatever I learned in graduate school, I learned at the workshop. It wasn’t a class, but people took it even more seriously than that.”

There was a much-praised rule at the workshop that required non-Ph.D. attendees to share their work first. The goal was “to include the young people and teach them how to be scholars,” El-Ghobashy said.

Despite some trepidation, those at the vigil vowed to continue the workshop despite the loss of the “name in lights” Tilly gave, Walsh-Russo said.

The workshop “will go in new directions, and that’s what Chuck would want,” El-Ghobashy said.

While there were some tears, the overall tone of the vigil was one of fond remembrance.

“His intellect comes once in a hundred years,” Francesca Bremner, GSAS ’04, said. “He wouldn’t show his feelings very much, but when you needed protection, you’d see how deeply he cares and how fiercely protective he is.”

Tuesday, April 29, 2008

Chuck Tilly


Charles Tilly at the C. Wright Mills conference at Columbia April 14th, 2006.



Social science lost one of its living giants Charles Tilly. May he rest in peace. He was always a great example as a great thinker and also as a superb human being, we students, colleagues, and friends were fortunate to know him. It is sad that he has materially left this world, after many years of courageously fighting lymphoma and never stop working, but fortunately his ideas and work stay with us and I am sure they will pass the test of time, and his books, articles, advice, and stories will stay with us.

Charles H. Tilly
(May 20, 1929 – April 29, 2008), known simply as Chuck was the Joseph L. Buttenwieser Professor of social Sciences at Columbia University for the last years of his life. He obtained his Ph.D. Harvard (1958). After serving in the Korean War. He taught at Delaware, Harvard, Toronto, Michigan, and the New School for Social Research among other places.


His work focuses on large-scale social change and its relationship to contentious politics, especially in Europe since 1500 but also make important contributions to the study of democracy, methodology, social science history, historical sociology, immigration, story telling, etc. Here full CV.

He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the Ordre des Palmes Académiques, he has received multiple international prizes and honorary degrees. He has authored, co-authored, edited, or co-edited 50 published books and monographs and published between 600 and 700 scholarly articles, reviews, review-essays, comments, chapters in edited collections, and prefaces not counting reprints, translations, and working papers.

His most recently published books are Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650-2000 (Cambridge University Press, 2004), Social Movements, 1768-2004 (Paradigm Publishers, 2004), Economic and Political Contention in Comparative Perspective (Paradigm Publishers, co-authored and co-edited with Maria Kousis, 2005), Trust and Rule (Cambridge University Press, 2005), Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Paradigm Publishers, 2005, revised paperback edition of 1995 book), Identities, Boundaries, and Social Ties (once again Paradigm Publishers, 2005),Why? (Princeton University Press, 2006), the Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis (co-edited and co-authored with Robert Goodin, Oxford University Press, 2006), Contentious Politics (co-authored with Sidney Tarrow, Paradigm Publishers, 2006), and Regimes and Repertoires (University of Chicago Press, 2006). He has recently completed his chapters of Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History (with John Coatsworth, Juan Cole, Michael Hanagan, Peter Perdue, and Louise A. Tilly, forthcoming from Wadsworth/Thomson), plus the books Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 2007), Credit and Blame (Princeton University Press 2008), Contentious Performances (2008), Explaining Social Processes (2008), and many more yet to appear by him and in his honor.

An early list of published books can be found here:
http://web.gc.cuny.edu/bildnercenter/courses/tillybooks.shtml

He advised dozens of students, and ran the workshop on Contentious Politics from more than 40 years, from whose discussions and meetings generations of scholars have benefited.

Great testimonials at:
http://www.ssrc.org/essays/tilly/

A recent biographical interview (audio) can be found here:
http://www.changingsociety.org/ChangingSociety/Podcast/Entries/2007/12/27_tilly_interview_edited.html

Video abstract versions of this interview are available in YouTube:

Full video at:
http://gallery.mac.com/delittle1#100103

Articles on methodology:
http://professor-murmann.info/index.php/weblog/tilly

We'll miss you Chuck but it will take of us years to understand and comprehend your impressively large and fruitful legacy and thus you stay with us.






The late Chuck with colleagues at the ASA NY 2008 panels on historical sociology and social boundaries. With Craig Calhoun at the conference honoring Robert K. Merton at Columbia University August 2008. (Photos by Sun-Chul Kim and Ernesto Castaneda).

I hope others add more pictures of the many lives of Charles Tilly, he knew us all but it is hard for the different generations of his students to know each other. May his peaceful rest allow his younger students to get familiarized with his earlier work, and his older students and colleagues to catch up with his recent work, nothing would make Chuck happier.